Crocodylomorpha (crocodiles and extinct relatives)
Life >
Eukaryotes
>
Opisthokonta >
Metazoa
(animals) > Bilateria > Deuterostomia >
Chordata >
Craniata > Vertebrata (vertebrates) > Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) >
Teleostomi (teleost fish) > Osteichthyes (bony fish) > Class:
Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) > Stegocephalia (terrestrial vertebrates) >
Tetrapoda
(four-legged vertebrates) > Reptiliomorpha > Amniota >
Reptilia > Romeriida > Diapsida > Archosauromorpha
> Archosauriformes >
Archosauria > Pseudosuchia > Suchia > Paracrocodylomorpha
> Loricata
Classification
Based on a number of sources including Fiorelli and Calvo (2007), Nesbitt
(2011), Brochu (2011), Buscalioni et al. (2011), de Andrade et al.
(2011), Nascimento and Zaher (2011), Pol and Powell (2011), and Soto et al.
(2011). Information has also been obtained from Wikipedia but the content
below does not always match Wikipedia because of more recent findings or
alternative perspectives. The
icon after a
word hyperlinks to the relevant page in Wikipedia. '#' indicates the
taxon is known only from fossils, with no living representatives.
# basal Crocodylomorpha
[Late Triassic to Late Jurassic: 228 - 146 million years
ago]
Included here are the genera previously placed in the Sphenosuchia
, which existed from about 210 to 153 million
years ago during the Triassic and Jurassic periods. It seems fairly clear
now from analyses of Nesbitt (2011) and others, that the Crocodyliformes
evolved from within the Sphenosuchia, thus rendering the latter
paraphyletic. Unlike modern crocodiles, the legs of these basal
crocodylomorphs were long but with forelimbs generally much shorter than the hindlimbs,
indicating bipedalism or facultative bipedalism in at least some species.
The extinct, fossil genera include: Pseudhesperosuchus
,
Trialestes
(Argentina ); Dibothrosuchus
,
Junggarsuchus
,
Phyllodontosuchus
(China); Dyoplax
,
Saltoposuchus
,
Terrestrisuchus
(Europe); Litargosuchus
,
Pedeticosaurus
,
Sphenosuchus
(South Africa); Dromicosuchus
,
Hallopus
,
Hesperosuchus
,
Kayentasuchus
,
Macelognathus
,
Parrishia
,
Redondavenator
(USA). The South African
species include Litargosuchus leptorhynchus,
Pedeticosaurus leviseuri
and Sphenosuchus acutus, all based on fossils collected in the Elliot
and Clarens formations of the Drakensberg. |
|
Crocodyliformes
 |
|
|
# basal Crocodyliformes Includes some of
the genera in what used to be called the "Parasuchia". The remaining genera
in the old Parasuchia now fall in the basal Mesoeucrocodylia. |
|
|
|
# Orthosuchus

[Early Jurassic: 199 - 176 million years ago]
Orthosuchus stormbergi, described by Nash (1968) from Lesotho (Early
Jurassic, 200-176 million years ago). |
 |
|
|
# Gobiosuchidae

[Late Cretaceous: 100 - 66 million years ago]
Includes two genera, Gobiosuchus
and Zaraasuchus
,
both known from fossils collected from the Gobi Desert in Mongolia (Late
Cretaceous, 100-65 million years ago). |
|
|
|
# Protosuchidae [Early Jurassic to Early
Cretaceous: xxx] Extinct, fossil genera
include:
Protosuchus
(South Africa, USA,
Canada, Antarctica); Hemiprotosuchus
(Argentina); Dianosuchus
,
Edentosuchus
(China)
and Notochampsa (South Africa). The species recorded from South
Africa are: Notochampsa istedana
from the Upper Elliot Formation and the Lower Clarens Formation in the
Drakensberg, and Protosuchus haughtoni. |
|
|
Mesoeucrocodylia
 |
|
|
|
# basal Mesoeucrocodylia [Middle Jurassic
to Late Cretaceous: 176 to 65 million years ago] |
|
|
|
|
# miscellaneous genera Neuquensuchus
(Argentina); Hsisosuchus
,
Shantungosuchus
,
Sichuanosuchus
(China)
and Zosuchus
(Mongolia). |
|
|
|
|
# Shartegosuchidae

[Late Jurassic: xxx] Extinct, fossil genera
include: Adzhosuchus
,
Nominosuchus
,
Shartegosuchus
(Mongolia);
and Fruitachampsa
(USA). |
|
|
|
# Metasuchia
 |
|
|
|
|
# Neosuchia
 |
|
|
|
|
|
# basal Neosuchia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
# unplaced genera Bernissartia
(Belgium and Spain); Itasuchus
(Brazil); Gilchristosuchus
(Canada); Rugosuchus
(China)
and Shamosuchus
(Mongolia). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Tethysuchia
 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Pholidosauridae

[Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous: xxx]
This family is considered as polyphyletic by de Andrada
et al. (2011) whereas Fortior et al. (2011) considered it
monophyletic. De Andrada pulled out the genera Sarcosuchus,
Elosuchus and Vectisuchus as monophyletic and belonging to the family
Eloidae. In the interests of simplicity, I have followed Fortior et al.
(2011). Pholidosaurids existed from the Late Jurassic to Late
Cretaceous , with most of the fossils found in Early Cretaceous rocks.
Genera include: Crocodilaemus
,
Oceanosuchus
(France);
Pholidosaurus
(Germany and UK);
Anglosuchus
,
Vectisuchus
(UK);
Elosuchus
(Morocco, Algeria and Niger);
Sarcosuchus
,
Stolokrosuchus
(Niger);
Meridiosaurus
(Uruguay);
and Terminonaris
(USA and Canada). Sarcosuchus imperator was one of the
largest crocodiles that ever lived, reaching about 12 m in length and
weighing about 8 metric tons (8000 kg).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Dyrosauridae

[Late Cretaceous to Eocene: xxx]
Extinct, fossil genera include: Congosaurus
(Angola and North Africa); Guarinisuchus
,
Hyposaurus
(Brazil);
Acherontisuchus
,
Cerrejonisuchus
(Colombia);
Chenanisuchus
,
Tilemsisuchus
(Mali);
Arambourgisuchus
,
Atlantosuchus
(Morocco);
Rhabdognathus
,
Sokotosuchus
(Nigeria);
Dyrosaurus
(North Africa);
Phosphatosaurus
(Tunisia and Mali).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Thalattosuchia
 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Metriorhynchidae

[Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous: xxx]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Geosaurinae

[Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous: xxx]
Genera include: Purranisaurus
(Chile and Argentina), Suchodus
(England and France), Neptunidraco
(Italy), Torvoneustes
(UK), Dakosaurus
(UK, France, Switzerland, Germany, Poland, Russia, Argentina, Mexico), and
Geosaurus
(Western Europe).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Metriorhynchinae

[Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous: xxx] Genera include: Gracilineustes
(UK, France), Metriorhynchus
(UK, France, Germany), Cricosaurus
(UK, France, Switzerland, Germany, Argentina, Cuba, Mexico),
Rhacheosaurus
(Germany).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Teleosauridae

[Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous: xxx]
Genera include: Machimosaurus
(France, Austria, UK, Germany, Portugal, Switzerland); Peipehsuchus
(China), Pelagosaurus
(Western Europe), Platysuchus
(Germany), Steneosaurus
(UK, France, Germany, Switzerland, Morocco), Teleosaurus
(Europe).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Atoposauridae

[Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous: xxx] Genera include:
Theriosuchus
(Europe, Asia); Alligatorellus
,
Atoposaurus
(France, Germany); Alligatorium
(Germany, Mongolia); Karatausuchus
(Kazakhstan); Montsecosuchus
(Spain); Pachycheilosuchus
(USA). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Goniopholidae

[Early Jurassic to Late Cretaceous: xxx] Genera include:
Amphicotylus
,
Calsoyasuchus
,
Denazinosuchus
,
Eutretauranosuchus
(USA); Goniopholis
(North America, Europe, Asia); Nannosuchus
(UK); Siamosuchus
(Thailand); Sunosuchus
(China, Kyrgyzstan, Thailand). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Stomatosuchidae

[Late Cretaceous: xxx] Genera include:
Laganosuchus
(Niger, Morocco); and Stomatosuchus
(Egypt). |
|
|
|
|
|
# Eusuchia
 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
# basal Eusuchia Genera include:
Isisfordia
(Australia); Susisuchus
(Brazil); Planocrania
(China); Pristichampsus
(China, Germany, India, Spain, USA); Acynodon
(France, Spain, Italy,
Slovenia; previously in Alligatoroidea); Borealosuchus
(North America); Allodaposuchus
(Spain, Romania, France). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Aegyptosuchidae
 Genera include:
Aegyptosuchus
(Egypt); Aegisuchus
(Morocco). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Hylaeochampsidae
 Genera include:
Iharkutosuchus
(Hungary); Pietraroiasuchus
(Italy); Hylaeochampsa
(UK); Pachycheilosuchus
(USA). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gavialoidea
 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# basal Gavialoidea
Genera include: Eosuchus
(France, USA); Argochampsa
(Morocco); Thoracosaurus
(North America, Europe); Eothoracosaurus
(USA).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gavialidae

One living genus and species,
Gavialis gangeticus (Gharial, Indian gavial)
, which is native to India.
Fossil gavialids date back to the Late Palaeocene and include: Eogavialis
(Egypt, Kenya); Ikanogavialis
(Venezuela); Piscogavialis
(Peru); Aktiogavialis
(Puerto Rico); Gryposuchus
(Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Peru); and Siquisiquesuchus
(Venzuela).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brevirostres
 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crocodyloidea

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
basal Crocodyloidea Genera include:
Asiatosuchus
(Russia, Belgium, France, Germany, Mongolia); Brachyuranochampsa
,
Prodiplocynodon
(USA). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crocodylidae
 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tomistominae
 One living genus and
species: Tomistoma schlegelii (False gharial)
,
which is a freshwater crocodile native to Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak,
Sumatra and Borneo. Extinct, fossil genera include: Kentisuchus
(UK); Gavialosuchus
(North America, Europe); and Dollosuchoides
(Belgium). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Mekosuchinae
 Extinct, fossil genera
from Australia: Australosuchus
,
Baru
,
Harpacochampsa
,
Kambara
,
Mekosuchus
,
Pallimnarchus
,
Quinkana
,
and Trilophosuchus
.
In addition the fossil genus Volia
has been recorded from Fiji. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crocodylinae
 The genus Crocodylus
is represented by 12 living species, and three extinct species. The only
living species of crocodile occurring in southern Africa is
Crocodylus niloticus (Nile
crocodile). There are also the living species Mecistops
cataphractus (African slender-snouted crocodile; previously
Crocodylus cataphractus)
and
Osteolaemus tetraspis (Dwarf crocodile)
, which both occur in West Africa
and western Central Africa. In addition there are the following extinct
genera in the Crocodylinae: Rimasuchus
(Kenya, Middle East from Early Miocene to Early Pleistocene); and
Voay
(Madagascar, from Late Pleistocene to Recent). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alligatoroidea (alligators, caimans and extinct relatives)

The alligators (family: Alligatoridae > subfamily:
Alligatorinae) were once a diverse group of 13 genera distributed over what
is now North America, Europe and Asia but only one living genus,
Alligator, remains with Alligator mississipiensis (American
alligator) in North America and Alligator sinensis (Chinese
alligator) in China. The caimans (family: Alligatoridae > subfamily
Caimaninae) also have a diverse history, within Central and South America;
there are five living species in three genera.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# basal Alligatoroidea Genera include:
Leidyosuchus
(Canada); Diplocynodon
(Europe); Baryphracta
(Germany); Deinosuchus
(USA, Mexico). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Globidonta
 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# basal Globidonta Genera include:
Albertochampsa
,
Stangerochampsa
(Canada); Brachychampsa
(USA, Canada). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alligatoridae
 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alligatorinae

There are two living species of the genus Alligator
,
Alligator mississippiensis (American alligator)
and Alligator sinensis (Chinese alligator)
,
and four extinct species dating back to the Oligocene.
In addition, there are the following extinct, fossil
genera in the Alligatorinae: Arambourgia
,
Hassiacosuchus
(Europe); Procaimanoidea
(North America); Ceratosuchus
,
Navajosuchus
,
Wannaganosuchus
(USA); Allognathosuchus
(USA, Argentina, Europe). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Caimaninae

Living species (all native to South America): Caiman
(3 living species and one extinct species), Melanosuchus niger (Black
caiman)
and Paleosuchus
(2 species). In addition there are the following extinct, fossil genera:
Eocaiman
,
Necrosuchus
,
Mourasuchus
(South America); Orthogenysuchus
,
Tsoabichi
(USA). |
|
|
|
|
# Peirosauridae

Genera include: Barcinosuchus
,
Lomasuchus
(Argentina); Montealtosuchus
,
Peirosaurus
,
Pepesuchus
,
Uberabasuchus
(Brazil); Mahajangasuchus
(Madagascar); Hamadasuchus
(Morocco); Anatosuchus
(Niger). |
|
|
|
|
# Notosuchia
 |
|
|
|
|
|
# basal Notosuchia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
unplaced genera Genera include:
Comahuesuchus
,
Notosuchus
(Argentina); Candidodon
,
Labidiosuchus
,
Mariliasuchus
,
Morrinhosuchus
(Brazil); Libycosuchus
(Egypt); Simosuchus
(Madagascar); Malawisuchus
(Malawi); Pakasuchus
(Tanzania). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Uruguaysuchidae

Genera include: Uruguaysuchus
(Uruguay); and Araripesuchus
(South America, Madagascar, Niger)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Sphagesauridae
Genera include: Adamantinasuchus
,
Yacarerani
(Bolivia); Armadillosuchus
,
Caipirasuchus
,
Caryonosuchus
,
Sphagesaurus
(Brazil); Chimaerasuchus
(China).
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Sebecosuchia
 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
# basal Sebecosuchia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# unplaced genera Genera include:
Cynodontosuchus
,
Pehuenchesuchus
(Argentina); Bergisuchus
(Germany); Iberosuchus
(Portugal, France). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Baurusuchidae Genera include:
Wargosuchus
,
Baurusuchus
,
Campinasuchus
,
Pissarrachampsa
,
Stratiosuchus
(Brazil); Pabwehshi
(Pakistan). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Sebecidae

Genera include: Lumbrera (where from?); Ayllusuchus
,
Bretesuchus
,
Lorosuchus
,
Sebecus
(Argentina); Barinasuchus
(Argentina, Venezuela). |
|
Links
Publications
- Brochu CA. 2011. Phylogenetic relationships of Necrosuchus ionensis
Simpson, 1937 and the early history of caimanines. Zoological Journal of the
Linnean Society 163: S228-S256.
- Buscalioni AD, Piras P, Vullo R, Signore M, Barbera C. 2011. Early
eusuchia crocodylomorpha from the vertebrate-rich Plattenkalk of Pietraroia
(Lower Albian, southern Apennines, Italy). Zoological Journal of the Linnean
Society 163: S199-S227.
- Clark, JM, Sues H-D. 2002. Two new basal crocodylomorph archosaurs from
the Lower Jurassic and the monophyly of Sphenosuchia. Zoological Journal of
the Linnean Society 136 (1): 77-95.
- de Andrade MB, Edmonds R, Benton MJ, Schouten R. 2011. A new Berriasian
species of Goniopholis (Mesoeucrocodylia, Neosuchia) from England, and a
review of the genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163:
S66-S108.
- Fiorelli LE, Calvo JO. 2007. The first "protosuchian" (Archosauria:
Crocodyliformes) from the Cretaceous (Santonian) of Gondwana. Arquivos do
Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro 65 (4): 417-459.
- Nascimento PM, Zaher H. 2011. The skull of the Upper Cretaceous
baurusuchid crocodile Baurusuchus albertoi Nascimento & Zaher 2010,
and its phylogenetic affinities. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
163: S116-S131.
- Nash D. 1968. A crocodile from the Upper Triassic of Lesotho. Journal of
Zoology 156(2): 163-179.
- Nesbitt SJ. 2011. The early evolution of archosaurs: relationships and
the origin of major clades. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural
History 352: 1-292.
- Pol D, Powell JE. 2011. A new sebecid mesoeucrocodylian from the Rio
Loro Formation (Palaeocene) of north-western Argentina. Zoological Journal
of the Linnean Society 163: S7-S36.
- Soto M, Pol D, Perea D. 2011. A new specimen of Uruguaysuchus
aznarezi (Crocodyliformes: Notosuchia) from the middle Cretaceous of
Uruguay and its phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the
Linnean Society 163: S173-S198.
|